Sai - Ielts

For

• (in a way because) क्योंकि

It must be late, for I have been here a long time.

It can be said clearly that he failed the test of time, for I never saw him giving his best.

 

And और, तथा

• Together with or along with; in addition to; as well as.
• Used to connect words, phrases, or clauses that have the same grammatical function in a construction.

She will compete in ballroom and also modern dance.  (adjectives)

She must dance gracefully and precisely in order to win.  (adverbs)

She must follow the rules as well as use good dance technique.   (verb phrases)

The judges want her both to extend and to point her toes.  (phrases)

 

• To Added up; plus

Two and two makes four.

 

• To indicate result        

Give this team the appropriate resources, and see how it performs.

• To indicate that one idea is follows another

Memphis sent in her applications and waited by the phone for a response.

Willie heard the announcement and boarded the train.

 

• To suggest that one clause is dependent upon another, conditionally (usually the first clause is an imperative):

Use your mobile phones to make long distance calls frequently and you'll soon find yourself paying fat bills.

Curtail certain activities with stringent measures and see the things being done illegally.

Put these boys in the same team and see how they turn your dreams into reality.

 

• To indicate that one idea is in contrast to another (frequently replaced by but in this case):    

Mary is good in Maths and her sister is good in Physics.

 

• To suggest an element of surprise (sometimes replaced by yet in this usage):

New Delhi is a big metro and suffers from a lack of basic amenities.

• Informal Used after a verb such as: come, go, or try to introduce another verb describing the purpose of the action:

Come and see; try and find it.

 

• Joining Nouns:

The young all rounder likes bowling and also batting.   (nouns)

 

• Joining verbs:

Anne is a stage comedian .  Normally, she acts funny and sings parodies.  

The young all rounder balls and bats pretty well.

 

• To suggest a kind of "comment" on the first clause:

Marrienes'  brother became addicted to betting — and that surprised no one who knew him.

He has been an underperformer all through – and his lackluster performance did not come a a shock.

Similar to And

•  Also: He is honest, also very puntual.
• Besides: She received a cash prize besides the award.
• Furthermore: Computer games are getting cheaper all the time; furthermore, their quality is improving".
• Likewise: Some people have little power to do work independently, and have likewise little strength to offer independent advice.
• Moreover: The room had a strange wet stink, moreover, it was very dark in there.

 

Nor

• (and not; neither)  और न तो

He did not know then what had happened, nor did he ever find out.

I do not have any information about the new planned foray of your company, nor am I interested in knowing this.

I'm not going, nor is John.

The government has not announced the relief package, nor it is going to do, as it seems.

 

 

 

But contrast लेकिन

• On the contrary:

The plan caused not prosperity but ruin.

His misadventure earned him nothing but disrepute.

The impatience brings nothing but failure.

He walked to the door of her house but never rung the bell.

They had very little money, but always enjoyed every little opportunity with their children.

The families in the mining town of Hershey were poor, but (they were) hardworking.

Jack’s car may be more than fifteen years old, but (it) still drives beautifully.

 

• Contrary to expectation; yet:

She organized her work but accomplished very little.

He is tired but happy.

Peter may be poor but he is happy with his condition.

 

• Used to indicate an exception

No one but he saw the UFO.

I have been to most of Europe but (I have  never been to Latvia) not to Latvia.

Everyone was invited to the party but Marty.

 

• With the exception that; except that. Often used with that:

Would have joined the play but he couldn't spare the time;

The directors would have blocked the proposal  but that they lacked courage and the resolve.

Martha wanted to sign the contract there and then. But her friends suggested that she should read the agreement thoroughly first.

 

• Informal Without the result that:

It never rains but it pours.

 

• Informal That. Often used after a negative:

There is no doubt but right will prevail.

 

• If not; unless:

Ten to one but the police have got them.

The chances of their victory were very less but the team performed excellently and won.

These earrings would look really good on your wife! ~ But I'm not married!

Similar to But

•  However: I have given my suggestions, however, you are not bound by them.
• Nevertheless: Allowing a grounded pilot entry into the cockpit was a small, nevertheless fatal mistake.
• Nonetheless: While we disliked each other’s way of working, nevertheless we agreed on some points.
• Still: He was given enough time still he was not able to decide.
•  Conversely: He would have preferred his son to have taken up flying, although conversely he was also proud of what he achieved as a sailor.
• Instead; We had planned to drive by own car, we went by a taxi instead.
• Otherwise; Let me note down the details on a piece of paper, otherwise I will have problems recalling everything later.
• Rather: This is not a thoughtful criticism. Rather it is an insult.

Or

• To indicate an alternative. या, अथवा

Is that your book or is it mine?

• Because if not. अथवा

Hurry or you'll be late. or so

• About; approximately. या कुछ इतना ही, या लगभग
• I bought a dozen or so (books).

 

Yet

• (but; however) फिर भी, परंतु, किन्तु

He's pleasant enough, yet I don't like him.

He is so talented and gifted, yet he never performs upto the mark.

The team included so many accomplished professionals, yet it failed to realise the goals set by the management. 

 

 

 

 

 

So

• (therefore). इस लिए

John had a bad cold, so I took him to the doctor;

So you think you'd like this job, then?' `Yes.'

And so they got married and lived happily ever after.

He has a flight to catch, so  he is packing up his stuff.

 

Similar to So

• Accordingly: We have different backgrounds. Accordingly we will have different futures.
• Consequently: They helped him at every step of his career and consequently he made to a good level, at which he is today.

He had good reason to be grateful for the opportunities which they had made available to him and which consequently led to the good position he now held.

• Hence: The Party was profoundly divided over this issue and hence it could not pose serious challenge to rivals in elections.
• Meanwhile: The court is deliberating; meanwhile, we must be patient.
• Then: I reached home late, then I went to meet my neighbors.
• Therefore: You have to give a presentation in the class tomorrow therefore you must review your material.
• Thus: Women's access to the advanced education, and thus to political power.

 

 

 

 Subordinating Conjunctions

Also called subordinators, introduce a dependent clause or tail sentence. These adverbs that act like conjunctions are placed at the front of the clause (first sentence) - and a comma must be added at the end of the adverbial phrase when it precedes the main clause.

Examples:

• If you want to arrive early at the station, you must board a tube instead of taking a taxi.
• If the only tool you have is a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail. [Abraham Maslow]
• Dad is an entrepreneur while mom is a home maker.
• Some people make headlines while others make history. [Philip Elmer-DeWitt]

 Reason

• Because: (For the reason that) क्योंकि

I can't go swimming tonight because I must meet some people at the hotel.

I cannot join the party tonight because I have an early morning flight to catch to Bombay.

Because of (on account of) के चलते

I can't devote time to my hobbies because of my busy schedule.

 

• Since

(often with ever) from a certain time onwards: (तब, उस समय) से अब तक

I have been at home (ever) since I returned from Italy.

At a time after: के बाद

Since he agreed to come, he has become ill:

Because: क्योंकि

Since you are going, I will go too.

Since I have an early morning flight to catch to Bombay, I cannot join the party tonight.

• So that: ताकि

I must go to bed early so that I can wake up early to catch early morning flight to Bombay.

• In order (that) ताकि

In order that you can sign the form, please print it out and mail it to this address.

In order that I can catch early morning flight to Bombay, I must go to bed early morning.

• Why: I know why you did not join the party.

Consequence

• That’s why: इसलिए

I have an early morning flight to catch to Bombay that’s why I cannot join the party.

• Therefore: इसलिए

I have an early morning flight to catch to Bombay tomorrow; therefore I cannot join the party.

• So: इसलिए

I have an early morning flight to catch to Bombay, so I cannot join the party.

• As:

Because: क्योंकि

As I am leaving tomorrow's flight,  I have bought you a book.

As I have an early morning flight to catch to Bombay tomorrow, I cannot join the party.

• In the same way that: उसी तरह

If you are not sure how to behave, do as I do.

Concession

• Though

(informal despite of the fact that.): यद्यपि

We enjoyed our camping holiday though it rained incessantly.

• Although

(formal in spite of the fact that): यद्यपि, हालांकि

Although it rained incessantly, we enjoyed our camping holiday.

• Even though: भले ही

We enjoyed our camping holiday even though it rained,

• Despite: के बावजूद, होने पर भी

Despite the rain we enjoyed our camping holiday.

• ·         In spite of:  बावजूद

We enjoyed our camping holiday in spite of the rain.

• While: जबकि

Apartments offer security, while independent houses offer independence

You better fetch some fish from the market while I am preparing some desert.

While I agree that he is perfect I still think he is rude.

 

Condition

• If

In the event that; on condition that अगर:

He will be shifted to another department if his performance does not improve.

If you want to ensure a place for yourself in the next batch, you must study hard.

I'll only stay if you can stay too.

Supposing that बावजूद :

If he were to come along now, we would be in trouble

Although फिर भी:

They are happy, if poor.

Whether क्या:

I don't know if I can come or not.

 

If’  only अगर ऎसा

I wish that. If only I were rich!

• Otherwise: वरना

You must study hard, otherwise you would not be able to ensure a place for yourself in the next batch

 

• Only if: केवल

You can ensure a place for yourself in the next batch, only if you study hard

 

• Unless:

If not जब तक नहीं:

Don't come unless I telephone.

Except when छोड़ कर:

The directors have a meeting every Friday, unless there is nothing to discuss.

Till  जब तक:

• Unless you study hard, you would not be able to ensure a place for yourself in the next batch

 

• Else: like otherwise वरना:

You must study hard, else you would not be able to ensure a place for yourself in the next batch

 

• Until

To the time of or when तक, जबतक:

The meeting went on until one o'clock.

I won't know until I get a letter from him.

You would not be allowed to leave this room, until you promise to be nice to guests next time.

Till (like until) जब, जब तक

You would not be allowed to leave this room till you promise to be nice to guests next time.

• Provided that: इस शर्त पर कि।

You can ensure a place for yourself in the next batch provided you are able to score well in the test.

Assuming that: यह मानते हुए कि

Assuming that he is the president of the company, how much he would be earning.

• Even if: यहां तक कि अगर

He would not betray his friend even if you put on the pressure.

• In case (that):

I take an umbrella in case that it rains.

• In case: स्थिति में

I can give you some money in case you would like to get something for yourself.

I can book a place at the hotel in case you will stay with us.

 

• Lest: in case. कहीं

They were afraid to complain about the noise lest they annoyed the neighbors.

He was scared lest he should fail his exam.

You would not be allowed to leave this room lest you may misbehave with the guest,

Comparison

• Than

Used in comparison of adjectives से:

It is easier than I thought; I sing better than he does; He sings better than me.

His performance is better than hers 

• Rather than:

And not

Gibson guitars—with their carved tops and necks that are fitted and glued to the body, rather than bolted on—are expensive to make

would order a prawn rather than going for octopus curry.

 

 

• Instead of (prep): की जगह

I would order a prawn instead of octopus curry.

• Whether

if. अगर

I don't know whether it's possible.

We should find out whether the museum is open. 

I wanted to know whether you would join us tonight.

• As much as: जितना

The kid over there loves jumping on the bed as much as anyone else.

• Whereas: 

It being the fact that; inasmuch as:

While at the same time; While on the contrary:

Jack stepped forward, whereas the others took a step back.

Time

• After later than the time when जब:

After she joined the new company she moved into a swanky new.

I met them after I completed my project work.

• As long as जब तक:

I'll stay as long as you need me.

He has promised his assistance as long as he is in this town.

• As soon as जैसे ही:

I met them as soon as I finished my work.

As soon as the mother entered the room,  the kids started eating their breakfast without making any noise.

• Before

Earlier than the time when. के पहले: